Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
VA Class: CV805
Chemical Name: 2 - Butyl - 3 - [[2′(1H - tetrazol - 5 - yl)[1,1′ - biphenyl] - 4 - yl]methyl] - 1,3 - diazaspiro[4.4]non - 1 - en - 4 - one
Molecular Formula: C25H28N6O3S•½C4H4 O4
CAS Number: 138402-11-6
Brands: Avapro, Avalide
May cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality if used during pregnancy.1 26 71 72 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)
If pregnancy is detected, discontinue the drug as soon as possible.1 26 72
Introduction
Angiotensin II receptor (AT1) antagonist.1 2 4 5 6 21 22 23
Uses for Irbesartan
Hypertension
Management of hypertension (alone or in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents).1 2 3 4 5 6 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23
One of several preferred initial therapies in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or heart failure.60
Can be used as monotherapy for initial management of uncomplicated hypertension; however, thiazide diuretics are preferred by JNC 7.60
Diabetic Nephropathy
Management of diabetic nephropathy manifested by elevated Scr and proteinuria (urinary protein excretion >300 mg daily) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.1
A first-line agent in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in such patients.37 39
CHF
A second-line agent in the treatment of CHF†; should be used only in those intolerant of ACE inhibitors.25 38 41
Irbesartan Dosage and Administration
General
Hypertension
Administration
Oral Administration
Administer orally once daily without regard to meals.1 21
Dosage
Adults
Hypertension
Monotherapy
Oral
Initially, 150 mg once daily in adults without intravascular volume depletion.1 Adjust dosage at approximately monthly intervals (more aggressively in high-risk patients) to achieve BP control.60 In adults with depletion of intravascular volume, the usual initial dosage is 75 mg once daily.1 24
Usual dosage: 150–300 mg once daily; no additional therapeutic benefit with higher dosages or with twice-daily dosing.1
Combination Therapy
Oral
If BP is not adequately controlled by monotherapy with irbesartan or hydrochlorothiazide, can switch to fixed-combination tablets (irbesartan 150 mg and 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide; then irbesartan 300 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg), administered once daily.26 Can increase dosage to irbesartan 300 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg daily, if needed, to control BP.26
In patients receiving fixed-combination tablets as initial therapy, the usual starting dosage is irbesartan 150 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg once daily.26 May increase dosage after 1–2 weeks of therapy to a maximum of irbesartan 300 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg once daily.26
Diabetic Nephropathy
Oral
Initial dosage of 75 mg once daily used in clinical trial.1 Increase dosage to target maintenance dosage of 300 mg once daily.1 No data available on effects of lower dosages.1
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
No initial dosage adjustments necessary.1 26
Renal Impairment
No initial dosage adjustments necessary.1 26
Irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide fixed combination not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment.26
Geriatric Patients
No initial dosage adjustments necessary.1 26
Volume- and/or Salt-depleted Patients
Correct volume and/or salt depletion prior to initiation of therapy or initiate therapy using lower initial dosage (75 mg once daily).1 24 26 Fixed-combination tablets containing irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide are not recommended as initial therapy in patients with intravascular volume depletion.26
Cautions for Irbesartan
Contraindications
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
Possible fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality when drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system (e.g., angiotensin II receptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors) are used during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.1 26 (See Boxed Warning.) ACE inhibitors also may increase the risk of major congenital malformations when administered during the first trimester of pregnancy.71 72
Also may increase the risk of major congenital malformations when administered during the first trimester of pregnancy.71 72
Discontinue as soon as possible when pregnancy is detected, unless continued use is considered lifesaving.1 72 Nearly all women can be transferred successfully to alternative therapy for the remainder of their pregnancy.13
Hypotension
Possible symptomatic hypotension, particularly in volume- and/or salt-depleted patients (e.g., those treated with diuretics or undergoing dialysis).1 26 (See Volume- and/or Salt-depleted Patients under Dosage and Administration.)
Transient hypotension is not a contraindication to additional doses; may reinstate therapy cautiously after BP is stabilized (e.g., with volume expansion).1 26
Malignancies
In July 2010, FDA initiated a safety review of angiotensin II receptor antagonists after a published meta-analysis found a modest but statistically significant increase in risk of new cancer occurrence in patients receiving an angiotensin II receptor antagonist compared with control.120 121 123 126 However, subsequent studies, including a larger meta-analysis conducted by FDA, have not shown such risk.126 127 128 129 Based on currently available data, FDA has concluded that angiotensin II receptor antagonists do not increase the risk of cancer.126
Sensitivity Reactions
Anaphylactoid reactions and/or angioedema possible;1 26 not recommended in patients with a history of angioedema associated with or unrelated to ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy.73
General Precautions
Renal Effects
Possible oliguria, progressive azotemia, and, rarely, acute renal failure and/or death in patients with severe CHF.1 26
Increases in BUN and Scr possible in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis.1 26
Use of Fixed Combinations
When used in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with hydrochlorothiazide.26
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category D.26 (See Boxed Warning.)
Lactation
Distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.1 26 Discontinue nursing or the drug.1 26
Pediatric Use
Dosages of up to 4.5 mg/kg once daily did not appear to effectively lower BP in pediatric patients 6–16 years of age.1 Not studied in children <6 years of age.1
Safety and efficacy of the fixed-combination preparation containing irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide not established.26
Geriatric Use
No substantial differences in safety or efficacy of irbesartan monotherapy or fixed-combination containing irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide relative to younger adults, but increased sensitivity cannot be ruled out.1 26
Renal Impairment
Use with caution.1
Deterioration of renal function may occur.1 26 (See Renal Effects under Cautions.)
Use of irbesartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment.26
Blacks
BP reduction may be smaller in black patients compared with nonblack patients; use in combination with a diuretic.1 26 60 69 70
Common Adverse Effects
Diarrhea, dyspepsia/heartburn, fatigue; also, dizziness, orthostatic dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension in patients with diabetic nephropathy.1
Interactions for Irbesartan
Metabolized principally by CYP2C9.1 26 Does not substantially induce or inhibit CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4.1 26
Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased irbesartan metabolism) with CYP2C9 inhibitors.1 26
Specific Drugs
Drug
|
Interaction
|
Comments
|
|---|
Digoxin
|
Pharmacologic and/or pharmacokinetic interactions unlikely1 26
|
|
Hydrochlorothiazide
|
Pharmacokinetic interactions unlikely1 26
Additive hypotensive effects1 26
|
|
Nifedipine
|
Decreased irbesartan metabolism in vitro; alteration of irbesartan pharmacokinetics not observed in vivo1 26
|
|
NSAIAs, including selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
|
Possible deterioration of renal function in geriatric, volume-depleted, or renally impaired patients1
Possible reduced antihypertensive effects1
|
Monitor renal function periodically1
|
Tolbutamide
|
Possible decreased irbesartan metabolism26
|
|
Warfarin
|
Pharmacologic and/or pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 26
|
|
Irbesartan Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Peak plasma concentration generally achieved 1.5–2 hours after oral dose.1 Absolute bioavailability is about 60–80%.1 26
Onset
Antihypertensive effect evident within 2 weeks, with maximum BP reduction after 2–4 weeks.1 26
Food
Food does not affect bioavailability.1 26
Distribution
Extent
Crosses the placenta and is distributed in the fetus in animals.1 26
Crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, if at all, in animals.1 15
Distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.1 26
Plasma Protein Binding
90% (principally albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein).1 26
Elimination
Metabolism
Undergoes hepatic metabolism by glucuronide conjugation and oxidation (principally by CYP2C9) to inactive metabolites.1 26
Elimination Route
Eliminated in urine and feces (via bile).1 26
Half-life
Terminal elimination half-life: 11–15 hours.1
Special Populations
Not removed by hemodialysis.1 26 Pharmacokinetics not substantially altered by hemodialysis or renal impairment.1 26
Stability
Storage
Oral
Tablets
15–30°C.1 26
Actions
Blocks the physiologic actions of angiotensin II, including vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects.1 21 22 23 26
Does not interfere with response to bradykinins and substance P.1 5 6 21
Advice to Patients
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Irbesartan
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Oral
|
Tablets
|
75 mg
|
Avapro
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb, (also promoted by Sanofi-Synthelabo)
|
|
|
150 mg
|
Avapro
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb, (also promoted by Sanofi-Synthelabo)
|
|
|
300 mg
|
Avapro
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb, (also promoted by Sanofi-Synthelabo)
|
Irbesartan Combinations
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Oral
|
Tablets
|
150 mg with Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg
|
Avalide
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb, (also promoted by Sanofi-Synthelabo)
|
|
|
300 mg with Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg
|
Avalide
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb, (also promoted by Sanofi-Synthelabo)
|
|
|
300 mg with Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg
|
Avalide
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb, (also promoted by Sanofi-Synthelabo)
|
Comparative Pricing
This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 01/2012. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.
Avalide 150-12.5MG Tablets (B-M SQUIBB U.S. (PRIMARY CARE)): 30/$111.99 or 90/$320.98
Avalide 300-12.5MG Tablets (B-M SQUIBB U.S. (PRIMARY CARE)): 30/$122.99 or 90/$352.96
Avalide 300-25MG Tablets (B-M SQUIBB U.S. (PRIMARY CARE)): 30/$122.95 or 90/$345.09
Avapro 150MG Tablets (B-M SQUIBB U.S. (PRIMARY CARE)): 30/$92.99 or 90/$247.98
Avapro 300MG Tablets (B-M SQUIBB U.S. (PRIMARY CARE)): 30/$111.99 or 90/$299.96
Avapro 75MG Tablets (B-M SQUIBB U.S. (PRIMARY CARE)): 30/$87.99 or 90/$232.96
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2012, Selected Revisions December 23, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
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More Irbesartan resources
- Irbesartan Side Effects (in more detail)
- Irbesartan Dosage
- Irbesartan Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
- Irbesartan Drug Interactions
- Irbesartan Support Group
- 25 Reviews for Irbesartan - Add your own review/rating
- Irbesartan MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)
- Irbesartan Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)
- irbesartan Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information
- Avapro Prescribing Information (FDA)
- Avapro Consumer Overview
Compare Irbesartan with other medications
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